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2-20
Modeling Your Design
@ (posedge clk) q <=d;
Even though clk is in an event control, it is not in the sensitivity
list event control.
• VCS does not infer the following latch to be a sequential device:
always begin
wait clk; q <= d; @ d;
end
There is no sensitivity list event control.
• VCS infers the following latch to be a sequential device:
always @ (clk or d)
if (clk) q <= d;
The sequential controls, clk and d, are in the sensitivity list event
control.
Avoid Level Sensitive Sensitivity Lists Whose Signals are Used
“Completely”
VCS infers a combinational device instead of a sequential device if
the following conditions are both met:
• The sensitivity list event control is level sensitive
A level sensitive event control does not contain the posedge or
negedge keywords.
• The signals in the sensitivity list event control are used
“completely” in the always block
Used “completely” means that there is a possible simulation event
if the signal has a true or a false (1 or 0) value.
- User Guide 1
- Contents 3
- Getting Started 1 47
- Getting Started 48
- What VCS Supports 49
- Main Components of VCS 49
- Preparing to Run VCS 52
- Obtaining a License 53
- Setting Up Your Environment 54
- Setting Up Your C Compiler 55
- VCS Workflow 56
- Coverage Metrics User Guide 57
- % vcs mem.v cpu.v 58
- Basic Compile-Time Options 60
- Running a Simulation 64
- Basic Runtime Options 65
- Modeling Your Design 1 69
- Avoiding Race Conditions 70
- Flip-Flop Race Condition 72
- Counting Events 74
- Time Zero Race Conditions 75
- Conditional Compilation 77
- Combining the Techniques 81
- and more 91
- Case Statement Behavior 92
- Memory Size Limits in VCS 93
- Using Sparse Memory Models 93
- Obtaining Scope Information 95
- Modeling Your Design 100
- Avoiding Circular Dependency 101
- Dealing With Unassigned Nets 103
- Code Values at Time 0 104
- Signal Value/Strength Codes 106
- Compiling Your Design 1 109
- Using the vcs Command 110
- Incremental Compilation 111
- Triggering Recompilation 112
- Using Lint 118
- +lint=GCWM,NCEID 119
- +lint=none 120
- Enabling the Checking 123
- Filtering Out False Negatives 124
- HSOPT Technology 126
- Condition 128
- +cliecho +no_pulse_msg 129
- +sdverbose +vcs+finish 129
- Performance Considerations 131
- Compilation 136
- Doing SDF annotation 137
- Minimizing Memory Consumption 138
- Memory Setup 140
- /usr/ccs/bin/sparcv9/ld 141
- Using Radiant Technology 142
- Known Limitations 143
- The Configuration File Syntax 145
- Radiant Technology 151
- Library Mapping Files 153
- Displaying Library Matching 155
- Configurations 156
- Configuration Syntax 157
- Hierarchical Configurations 159
- The -top Compile-Time Option 160
- Limitations of Configurations 161
- Simulating Your Design 1 163
- % executable [options] 164
- Simulating Your Design 165
- Save and Restart 166
- Save and Restart File I/O 168
- Simulation 170
- Improving Performance 174
- Profiling the Simulation 175
- CPU Time Views 176
- “Moduletime” 181
- Memory Usage Views 186
- The Program View 189
- Example 4-12 Program View 189
- DVE Panes 194
- Managing DVE Windows 194
- Setting Display Preferences 200
- VPD and EVCD File Generation 209
- Advantages of VPD 210
- $vcdplusoff 212
- $vcdplusoff(test.risc1.alu1); 213
- $vcdplusflush; 213
- $vcdplusautoflushon 214
- $vcdplusautoflushoff 214
- Syntax for Specifying MDAs 215
- Note: Unlimited dimensions 219
- $vcdplusmemon( mem01 ); 220
- Starting bound: 221
- Ending bound: 221
- Example 6-6 Selected element: 225
- Using $vcdplusmemorydump 226
- Execution Data 227
- Execution 228
- Source Statement System Tasks 229
- $vcdplustraceon 229
- $vcdplusdeltacycleon; 230
- $vcdplusdeltacycleoff; 231
- $vcdplusglitchon; 231
- $vcdplusglitchoff; 232
- Runtime Options 233
- +vpdbufsize+nn 234
- +vpdfile+filename 234
- +vpdfilesize+nn 235
- +vpdignore 235
- +vpddrivers 236
- +vpdnoports 236
- +vpdnocompress 236
- VPD Methodology 237
- VPD On/Off PLI Rules 240
- Performance Tips 241
- EVCD File Generation 243
- VCD and VPD File Utilities 1 245
- The vcdpost Utility 246
- " out1 [6] $end 247
- The vcdpost Utility Syntax 248
- The vcdiff Utility 249
- The vcdiff Utility Syntax 250
- VCD and VPD File Utilities 251
- The vcat Utility 256
- The vcat Utility Syntax 257
- 10000 x 258
- 30 z 258
- The vcsplit Utility 267
- The vcd2vpd Utility 270
- The vpd2vcd Utility 272
- The Command file Syntax 274
- The vpdmerge Utility 277
- Restrictions 279
- Value Conflicts 280
- Using UCLI 285
- UCLI Interactive Commands 286
- UCLI Command-Alias File 291
- Operating System Commands 291
- CLI Commands 294
- For example: 298
- Traversing Call-stacks 301
- Command Files 303
- Key Files 305
- Post-Processing 2 317
- Post-Processing 318
- Line Tracing 319
- Delta Cycle 319
- Race Detection 1 321
- Race Detection 322
- Enabling Race Detection 324
- Conditions 325
- The Race Detection Report 325
- END RACE REPORT 326
- Post Processing the Report 328
- #! /usr/local/bin/perl 330
- Delays and Timing 1 335
- Transport and Inertial Delays 336
- Delays and Timing 337
- Pulse Control 341
- +pulse_e/0 +pulse_r/0 347
- Specifying the Delay Mode 354
- SDF Backannotation 1 357
- Using SDF Files 358
- The $sdf_annotate System Task 359
- SDF Backannotation 360
- Precompiling an SDF File 363
- The SDF Configuration File 372
- Delay Objects and Constructs 373
- MTM=MAXIMUM; 376
- 379
- Example: 381
- DEVICE (1:2:3) 385
- (INSTANCE CELLTYPE) 387
- (ABSOLUTE 387
- (DEVICE B (1:2:3)) 387
- INTERCONNECT Delays 388
- Min:Typ:Max Delays 393
- +timopt+100ns 396
- DONE TIMOPT 397
- Editing the timopt.cfg File 399
- Editing Clock Signal Entries 400
- Negative Timing Checks 1 401
- Negative Timing Checks 402
- reg clk, d; 414
- reg rst; 414
- wire q; 414
- Checking Conditions 418
- How VCS Calculates Delays 420
- So the timing checks are now: 425
- Timing violation in top.fd1_1 427
- SAIF Support 2 429
- Using SAIF Files 430
- SAIF System Tasks 430
- $toggle_start(); 431
- $toggle_stop(); 431
- $toggle_reset(); 431
- "rtl_on" 432
- "off" 432
- "on" 432
- System Tasks 433
- SAIF Support 434
- SWIFT Environment Variables 438
- ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH} 439
- Generating Verilog Templates 440
- Using the PLI 2 453
- Using the PLI 454
- Writing a PLI Application 455
- The PLI Table File 458
- ACC_capabilities 460
- PLI Specifications 461
- ACC Capabilities 463
- or read 465
- or read_write 465
- or callback 465
- ‘celldefine compiler 467
- -y and -v compile-time 467
- Features 469
- or force 471
- Using the PLI Table File 472
- Enabling ACC Capabilities 473
- Configuration File 474
- {accWrite}; 475
- +applylearn+filename 479
- Using VPI Routines 481
- DirectC Interface 3 489
- DirectC Interface 490
- Declaring the C/C++ Function 494
- Calling the C/C++ Function 500
- Converting Strings 505
- Avoiding a Naming Problem 507
- Using Direct Access 508
- Using the vc_hdrs.h File 515
- Using Abstract Access 517
- Using vc_handle 518
- Using Access Routines 519
- ’b’, ’o’, ’d’, or ’x’ 531
- This example now displays: 532
- The C code is as follows: 537
- Same as vc_toInteger 537
- U *vc_2stVectorRef(vc_handle) 539
- UB *vc_MemoryRef(vc_handle) 544
- memcpy(p2,p1,8); 545
- p2 += 8; 545
- } 545
- #define scalar_0 0 560
- #define scalar_1 1 560
- #define scalar_z 2 560
- #define scalar_x 3 560
- U vc_mdaSize(vc_handle, U) 564
- 565
- Summary of Access Routines 565
- Enabling C/C++ Functions 569
- Specifying the DirectC.h File 571
- Useful Compile-Time Options 572
- Environment Variables 573
- Interface 1 577
- Usage Scenario Overview 580
- Supported Port Data Types 581
- Input Files Required 583
- The Verilog model is display: 587
- Using GNU Compilers on Linux 591
- Generating the Wrapper 593
- Instantiating the Wrapper 595
- Elaborating the Design 597
- Use a Stubs File 599
- Using a Port Mapping File 602
- Debugging the Verilog Code 605
- Transaction Level Interface 607
- Interface Definition File 609
- Transaction Debug Output 613
- Instantiation and Binding 614
- Miscellaneous 618
- Using OpenVera Assertions 1 623
- Introducing OVA 624
- Using OVA Directives 625
- Using OpenVera Assertions 626
- OVA Flow 629
- Linter General Rule Messages 631
- Linter General Rule Messages: 638
- OVA Runtime Options 643
- OVAPP Flow 647
- [-ova_dir directory_path] 648
- Directory 654
- Viewing Output Results 663
- Using the Default Report 664
- Command Line Options 667
- Inlining OVA in Verilog 670
- Specifying Pragmas in Verilog 671
- Methods for Inlining OVA 672
- //ova_begin 674
- //OVA_END 674
- //ova bind 675
- //ova [(port1, ..., portN)]; 675
- Checker Library 678
- Case Checking 681
- // ova parallel_case; 682
- // ova full_case; 682
- // ova no_case; 682
- Use Model 685
- Limitations on the Input 686
- Recommended Methodology 688
- Caveats 688
- Post-processing Flow 689
- Global Monitoring 692
- Name-Based Monitoring 695
- (category, action); 696
- Task Invocation From the CLI 698
- Debug Control Tasks 699
- Calls From Within Code 700
- $ova_stop system task: 701
- $ova_severity_action: 703
- OpenVera Native Testbench 1 707
- OpenVera Native Testbench 708
- OpenVera 709
- Other Features 710
- Preprocessor Directives 712
- Top Level Constructs 713
- Program Block 713
- "Hello World!" 714
- The Template Generator 715
- Multiple Program Support 717
- Compiling Multiple Programs 719
- Example Configuration File 725
- Multiple program example: 726
- [ntb_compile-time_options] 730
- % simv +vcs_runtime_options 730
- -ntb_shell_only] tb.vr 732
- Top-level Verilog Module 733
- % simv +ntb_load=./libtb.so 734
- Compile-time Options 735
- -ntb_filext .vr 737
- -ntb_filext .vr+.vri+.vrl 737
- -ntb_incdir ../src1 737
- Value Description 744
- Reordering 747
- Circular Dependencies 749
- Encryption 749
- Using Encrypted Files 750
- Testbench Functional Coverage 751
- Measuring Coverage 755
- -cg_coverage_control=value 757
- Example 21-2 758
- Coverage Reporting Flow 760
- Mozilla): 761
- Solver Choice 767
- Temporal Assertions 769
- Temporal Assertion Flow 771
- Including the Header Files 772
- Resetting Assertion 773
- Suspending Threads 776
- Terminating the AssertEngine 777
- Example Testbench 777
- Together 781
- Scope of Interoperability 782
- Data Type Mapping 786
- Mailboxes and Semaphores 787
- Strings 789
- Enumerated Types 789
- Integers and Bit-Vectors 792
- Structs and Unions 794
- Connecting to the Design 795
- Miscellaneous Issues 800
- Constructs 800
- Functional Coverage 801
- Testbench Optimization 805
- Enabling the NTB Profiler 806
- Performance Profiler Example 806
- Example 21-11 dpi.c 807
- Compile: 808
- 0.84% of the total time 810
- VCS Memory Profiler 811
- Note: 817
- VCS Memory Profiler Output 818
- SystemVerilog Data Types 822
- The chandle Data Type 823
- User-Defined Data Types 825
- Enumerations 825
- Methods for Enumerations 826
- The $typeof System Function 828
- Structures and Unions 830
- Structure Expressions 833
- SystemVerilog Arrays 834
- Multiple Dimensions 835
- Indexing and Slicing Arrays 836
- Programs 838
- Writing To Variables 839
- Automatic Variables 841
- Multiple Drivers 842
- Release Behavior 843
- Integer Data Types 844
- Unpacked Arrays 846
- Structures 847
- Using the VPI 848
- SystemVerilog Operators 850
- New Procedural Statements 851
- Statements 852
- The do while Statement 854
- SystemVerilog Processes 855
- The always_latch Block 858
- The always_ff Block 858
- Tasks and Functions 859
- Functions 861
- SystemVerilog Packages 866
- SystemVerilog DPI 870
- #5 i = i/2; 872
- endtask 872
- Hierarchy 874
- New Data Types for Ports 876
- Ref Ports on Modules 880
- Encapsulation 882
- Example 22-5 Basic Interface 884
- Using Modports 886
- Functions In Interfaces 888
- Enabling SystemVerilog 889
- Immediate Assertions 892
- Sequences 893
- Using Repetition 896
- Specifying a Clock 899
- Value Change Functions 899
- Anding Sequences 900
- Oring Sequences 901
- Conditions for Sequences 902
- Sequence 903
- Properties 907
- Inverting a Property 911
- Past Value Function 912
- The disable iff Construct 912
- Action Blocks 918
- The VPI For SVA 922
- -ova_debug -ova_dir -ova_file 930
- -ova_cov_name -ova_cov_db 931
- The report.index.html File 947
- The tests.html File 952
- The category.html File 952
- The hier.html File 953
- Assertion System Functions 958
- Using Assertion Categories 958
- Using Attributes 960
- VCS Flow for SVTB 967
- Testbench Constructs 968
- -cm_name filename 970
- The string Data Type 971
- String Conversion Methods 974
- Predefined String Methods 978
- Program Blocks 981
- Dynamic Arrays 986
- The new[ ] Built-In Function 986
- The size() Method 988
- The delete() Method 988
- Associative Arrays 990
- Wildcard Indexes 991
- String Indexes 991
- Associative Array Methods 992
- VCS displays the following: 994
- Queue Methods 997
- The foreach Loop 1000
- Constraints 1003
- List of Aggregate Methods 1004
- Table 24-1 1004
- Constructors 1008
- Static Properties 1011
- Class Extensions 1015
- Abstract classes 1016
- Polymorphism 1018
- The Output of the program is: 1020
- Chaining Constructors 1024
- Accessing Class Members 1028
- Methods 1029
- “this” keyword 1030
- Class Packet Example 1032
- Random Constraints 1034
- Constraint Blocks 1035
- External Declaration 1038
- Inheritance 1038
- Set Membership 1039
- Weighted Distribution 1041
- Implications 1042
- Global Constraints 1045
- Default Constraints 1046
- Variable Ordering 1053
- Unidirectional Constraints 1054
- Constraint Early Late 1059
- Static Constraint Blocks 1065
- Randomize Methods 1066
- Controlling Constraints 1068
- Disabling Random Variables 1071
- Output of the above program: 1073
- In-line Constraints 1074
- In-line Constraint Checker 1075
- Random Number Generation 1077
- $srandom() 1079
- Seeding for Randomization 1081
- Random Sequence Generation 1083
- RSG Overview 1084
- Production Declaration 1085
- Production Controls 1088
- Weights for Randomization 1088
- Aspect Oriented Extensions 1094
- Element Description 1104
- Precedence 1109
- Example 24-14 1116
- Example 24-16 1119
- Point 1: Value = 5 1123
- Point 2: Value = 5 1123
- Point 3: Value = 6 1123
- Output is: 6 1123
- Examples 1126
- Examples of advice code 1128
- Example 24-23 : 1128
- Example 24-26 1130
- Array manipulation methods 1131
- Array locator methods 1133
- Array reduction methods 1139
- Semaphores 1143
- Semaphore Methods 1145
- Mailboxes 1146
- Mailbox Methods 1148
- Waiting for an Event 1149
- Persistent Trigger 1150
- Merging Events 1151
- Reclaiming Named Events 1152
- Event Comparison 1153
- Clocking Blocks 1154
- input #0 i1; 1156
- `timescale 1ns/1ns 1157
- Input and Output Skews 1159
- Hierarchical Expressions 1160
- Clocking Block Events 1162
- Default Clocking Blocks 1162
- Cycle Delays 1163
- Input Sampling 1164
- Synchronous Events 1165
- Synchronous Drives 1165
- Drive Value Resolution 1166
- Virtual Interfaces 1173
- Scope of Support 1174
- Virtual Interface Modports 1174
- Array of Virtual Interface 1177
- Clocking Block 1178
- Event Expression/Structure 1179
- Null Comparison 1179
- Coverage 1180
- The covergroup Construct 1181
- Defining a Coverage Point 1183
- Bins for Value Ranges 1183
- Bins for Value Transitions 1187
- Defining Cross Coverage 1189
- Defining Cross Coverage Bins 1190
- Cumulative Coverage 1192
- Instance-based Coverage 1193
- Coverage Options 1193
- Predefined Coverage Methods 1196
- Output of the program is: 1200
- Unified Coverage Reporting 1203
- The Coverage Report 1204
- The ASCII Text File 1204
- The HTML File 1206
- Post-Processing Tools 1207
- Test Name Database 1208
- Loading Coverage Data 1209
- -cm_dir and -cm_name will 1211
- -cm_dir directory_path_name 1211
- VCS NTB (SV) Memory Profiler 1212
- UCLI Interface 1213
- CLI Interface 1213
- Incremental Profiling 1214
- Only Active Memory Reported 1214
- Declaration : 1217
- Limitations 1219
- Include Files 1219
- SystemVerilog File 1222
- Source Protection 1 1223
- Source Protection 1224
- Encrypting Source Files 1225
- Encrypting Specified Regions 1226
- option: 1229
- Encrypting SDF Files 1231
- Simulating Encrypted Models 1234
- Using System Tasks 1235
- Writing PLI Applications 1235
- Mangling Source Files 1236
- -Xmangle=4 option: 1239
- -Xmangle=12 option: 1240
- -Xmangle=28 option: 1242
- Creating A Test Case 1245
- [, module_identifier...] 1246
- VCS Environment Variables A 1249
- VCS Environment Variables 1250
- VCS_LIC_EXPIRE_WARNING 5 1252
- VCS_LIC_EXPIRE_WARNING 0 1252
- Compile-Time Options B 1253
- % vcs top.v toil.v +v2k 1254
- Compile-Time Options 1255
- Options for SystemVerilog 1261
- .SystemClock (SystemClock) 1265
- .adder_inp1 (inp1) 1265
- .adder_inp2 (inp2) 1265
- Options for Debugging 1269
- -cm line+cond+fsm+tgl 1276
- -cm_cond basic+allops 1277
- +vcdfile+filename 1283
- -f -gen_asm -gen_obj 1290
- -line -l -u -v -y 1290
- Executable 1291
- Options for Pulse Filtering 1292
- Options for PLI Applications 1293
- Timing Checks 1294
- SmartModels 1297
- +lint=[no]ID 1298
- +warn=[no]ID 1299
- Options for Cell Definition 1300
- Options for Licensing 1301
- -cc compiler 1303
- -CC options 1303
- Options for Source Protection 1306
- General Options 1310
- Enable Verilog 2001 Features 1310
- Reduce Memory Consumption 1310
- TetraMAX 1311
- Specifying a VCD File 1311
- Specifying a Log File 1312
- Hardware Modeling 1313
- Defining a Text Macro 1313
- For Long Calls 1314
- Simulation Options C 1317
- Simulation Options 1318
- Options for Coverage Metrics 1326
- Options for Recording Output 1329
- +sdfverbose 1330
- Options for VPD Files 1331
- Operations 1334
- Options for VCD Files 1334
- MIPD Annotation 1339
- This appendix describes: 1341
- • Compiler Directives 1341
- • System Tasks and Functions 1341
- Compiler Directives 1342
- General Compiler Directives 1348
- System Tasks and Functions 1350
- System Tasks for VCD Files 1352
- System Tasks for VPD Files 1358
- Commands 1367
- System Tasks for Log Files 1367
- System Tasks for File I/O 1369
- System Tasks for Time Scale 1372
- System Tasks for PLA Modeling 1376
- Checks for a Plusarg 1379
- SDF Files 1379
- Counting the Drivers on a Net 1380
- Depositing Values 1380
- PLI Access Routines E 1383
- PLI Access Routines 1384
- Parameter Value 1421
- 1426
- *filename) 1429
- int tag) 1437
- No return value 1438
- VCS API Routines 1467
- $fseek D-30 1471
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